Judicial divisions related to the punishment of banditry

Praise be to Allah, and may peace and blessings be upon the Messenger of Allah, his family, and companions.
The science of classifications is of great importance and offers numerous benefits, particularly in the field of judiciary, as it aids in understanding issues and distinguishing between their categories. Hence, I decided to research the punishments associated with the crime of highway robbery (ḥirābah) under the title: “Judicial Classifications Related to the Punishment of Ḥirābah.”
I collected the classifications from authoritative texts of the four Islamic schools of jurisprudence. The criterion for these classifications includes everything derived from the root word Q-S-M (division), as well as terms such as ranks, types, states, cases, categories, forms, and those classified by conjunctions like “and,” “or,” the partitive “min” (some of), the emphatic “immā” (either), and conditional particles like “in” (if) and “idhā” (when).
The research employs both inductive and deductive methodologies.
The significance of this research lies in its contribution to clarifying the issues related to the punishment of ḥirābah, identifying its classifications, and determining the ruling for each category. Furthermore, it consolidates the judicial classifications regarding ḥirābah punishments into a single study, facilitating reference to these matters when needed. Since the punishment for ḥirābah is among the most critical chapters of Islamic penal law due to the severity of its implications and the gravity of the crime, understanding its rulings is essential.